> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.vultisig.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology.md).

# Security & Technology

- [Vultisig Security and TSS](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/overview.md): How Vultisig security works. Threshold Signature Schemes (TSS), DKLS23 protocol, keysigning process, and cryptographic foundations explained.
- [Keysign: how Vultisig signs a transaction](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/keysign.md): Keysign is how a threshold of devices sign a transaction together. Fast Vault and Secure Vault both use it: QR pairing, signing ceremony, broadcast.
- [TSS actions in Vultisig](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/tss-actions.md): TSS operations explained: Key Generation (vault creation), Key Signing (transactions), and Resharing (device changes). Core MPC actions.
- [GG20: threshold ECDSA (legacy) in Vultisig](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/how-gg20-works.md): GG20 is a threshold signature scheme (Gennaro-Goldfeder, 2020) with identifiable abort and 6 rounds. Vultisig used it before DKLS23; new vaults use DKLS23.
- [DKLS23: threshold ECDSA in Vultisig](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/how-dkls23-works.md): DKLS23 is a threshold ECDSA protocol (Doerner, Kondi, Lee, Shelat, 2023) that signs in 3 rounds. Vultisig moved to it in 2025 with Silence Laboratories.
- [Vultisig vs Multisig](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/difference-to-multi-sig.md): TSS vs on-chain multisig: no complete private key, works on Bitcoin, normal signature on-chain.
- [Vultisig vs passkeys](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/difference-to-passkeys.md): TSS vs passkeys: multi-device threshold, no corporate passkey platform, 36+ chains.
- [Emergency recovery in Vultisig](https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology/emergency-recovery.md): Emergency recovery for Vultisig vaults with the Vault Share Decoder. Reconstruct private keys from a threshold of vault shares (DKLS and GG20) if Vultisig software becomes unavailable. Last-resort fun


---

# Agent Instructions
This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com.

## Querying This Documentation
If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation by asking a question.

Perform an HTTP GET request on the following URL with the `ask` and `goal` query parameters:

```
GET https://docs.vultisig.com/security-and-technology.md?ask=<question>&goal=<user_goal>
```

`ask` is the immediate question: it should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
`goal` is what the user is ultimately trying to achieve, the reason they need the answer. Sharing it helps GitBook give you a better, more relevant answer. A goal is most helpful when it describes the outcome the user wants rather than restating the question. For example, with `ask=how do I create an API token`, a goal like `automate deployments from our CI pipeline` lets GitBook tailor the answer to that use case.

The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation.

Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.